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Please find below a list of all the references ever published about or related to Bossou and video/TV programs produced about Bossou.

1) Scientific papers with first hand information on Bossou written in European language.

2) Scientific papers with second hand analysis about Bossou written in European language.

3) Visual works, TV programs about Bossou in European language


New articles 2009

Hockings K, Anderson J & Matsuzawa T (2009) Use of wild and cultivated foods by chimpanzees at Bossou, Republic of Guinea: Feeding dynamics in a human-influenced environment. Am J Primatol.DOI 10.1002/ajp.20698.

Humle T & Matsuzawa T (2009) Laterality in hand use across four tool use behaviors among the wild chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. Am J Primatol 71: 40-48.


Shimada MK, Hayakawa S, Fujita S, Sugiyama S & Saitou N (2009) Skewed matrilineal genetic composition in a small wild chimpanzee community. Folia Primatol 80:19-32.





(contact: matsuzaw@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp)

•Download the new list 2006(PDF 27KB)

Published books


2001 from Springer


2006 from Springer


1) Scientific papers with first hand information on Bossou written in European language.

Albrecht H, Dunnett SC 1971 : Chimpanzees in Western Africa. Piper, Munchen.

Biro D, Inoue-Nakamura N, Tonooka R, Yamakoshi G, Sousa C, Matsuzawa T 2003 : Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments. Animal Cognition 6: 213-223.

Biro D, Sousa C, Matsuzawa T 2006: Ontogeny and Cultural Propagation of Tool Use by Wild Chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: Case Studies in Nut Cracking and Leaf Folding. In: Matsuzawa T, Tomonaga M, Tanaka MBiedsj, Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 476-508.

Carvalho S, Cunha E, Sousa C, Matsuzawa T 2008: Chaines operatoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nut cracking. Journal of Human Evolution 55(1): 148-163.

Carvalho S, Sousa C, Matsuzawa T 2008: The nut-cracker: Bridging archaeology and primatology - Chimpanzee stone tool use in Bossou and Diecke, Guinea. Folia Primatologica 79(5): 319-319.

Fujita S and Kageyama T 2007: Polymerase chain reaction detection of Clostridium perfringens in feces from captive and wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. Journal of Medical Primatology 36(1): 25-32.

Fushimi T, Sakura O, Matsuzawa T, Ohno H, Sugiyama Y 1991 : Nut-cracking behavior of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Bossou, Guinea, (West Africa). In Ehara A, Kimura T, Takenaka O, Iwamoto M (eds) : Primatology Today, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 695-696.

Granier N, Huynen MC, Matsuzawa T 2007: Preliminary surveys of chimpanzees in Gouela area and Dere forest, the Nimba Mountain Biosphere Reserve, Republic of Guinea. Pan Africa News 14(2): 20-22.

Hirata S, Myowa M, Matsuzawa T 1998 : Use of leaves as cushions to sit on wet ground by wild chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 44 : 215-220.

Hirata S, Morimura N, Matsuzawa T 1998 : Green passage plan (tree-planting project) and environmental education using documentary videos at Bossou: A progress report. Pan African News 5 : 18-20.

Hirata S, Yamakoshi G, Fujita S, Ohashi G, Matsuzawa T 2001 : Capturing and Toying with Hyraxes (dendrohyrax dorsalis) by Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Bossou, Guinea. Am. J. Primatol. 53 : 93-97.

Holas B 1952 : Echantillon du folklore Kono (Haute-Guinee Francaise). Etudes Guineennes 9 : 3-90.

Holas B 1954 : Le culte de Zie. Memoires de lfInstitut Francais dfAfrique Noire 39 : 1-275.

Holas B 1975 : Contes Kono: Traditions Populaires de la Foret Guineenne. Edition G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larouse, Paris.

Humle T 1999 : New record of fishing for termites (Macrotermes) by the chimpanzees of Bossou (Pan troglodytes verus), Guinea. Pan Africa News 6 : 3-4.

Humle T 2006: Ant Dipping in Chimpanzees: An Example of How Microecological Variables, Tool Use, and Culture Reflect the Cognitive Abilities of Chimpanzees. In: Matsuzawa T, Tomonaga M, Tanaka MBiedsj, Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 452-475.

Humle T, Matsuzawa T 2001 : Behavioural diversity among the wild chimpanzee populations of Bossou and neighbouring areas, Guinea and Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa: A preliminary report. Folia Primatol. 72(2): 57-68

Humle T, Matsuzawa T 2002: Ant-Dipping Among the Chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, and Some Comparisons With Other Sites. Am. J. Primatol. 58: 133-148.

Humle T, Matsuzawa T 2004: Oil palm use by adjacent communities of chimpanzees at Bossou and Nimba Mountains, West Africa. International Journal of Primatology, 25(3):551-581.

Humle T, Matsuzawa T 2009: Laterality in Hand Use Across Four Tool-Use Behaviors Among the Wild Chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. American Journal of Primatology 71(1): 40-48.

Inoue-Nakamura N, Matsuzawa T 1997 : Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J. Comparative Psychology 111 : 159-173.

Koops K, Matsuzawa T 2006: Hand clapping by a chimpanzee in the Nimba Mountains, Guinea, West Africa. Pan Africa News 13(2): 19-21.

Koops K, Humle T, Sterck EHM, Matsuzawa T 2007: Ground-nesting by the chimpanzees of the Mimba Mountains, Guinea: Environmentally or socially determined? American Journal of Primatology 69(4): 407-419.

Kortlandt A 1986 : The use of stone tools by wild-living chimpanzees and earliest hominids. J. Hum. Evol. 15 : 77-132

Kortlandt A 1989 : The use of stone tools by wild-living chimpanzees. In Heltne PG, Marquardt LG (eds) : Understanding Chimpanzees, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 146-147.

Kortlandt A, Holzhaus E 1987 : New data on the use of stone tools by chimpanzees in Guinea and Liberia. Primates 28 : 473-496.

Koltlandt A, van Orshoven J, Pfeijffers R, van Zon, JCJ 1981 : Chimpanzees in the wild, Guinea 1966-1967: Sixth Netherlands chimpanzee expedition. (Transcripts of film/video texts). University of Amsterdam.

Lamotte M 1942 : La faune mammalogique du Mont Nimba (Haute Guinee). Mammalia 6 :114-119.

Matsuzawa T 1991 : Nesting cups and metatools in chimpanzees. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 : 570-571.

Matsuzawa T 1994 : Field experiments on use of stone tools in the wild. In: Wrangham RW, McGrew WC, de Waal FBM, Heltone PG (eds) : Chimpanzee Cultures, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 351-370.

Matsuzawa T 1996 : Chimpanzee intelligence in nature and in captivity: Isomorphism of symbol use and tool use. In : McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Nishida T (eds) : Great Ape Societies. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 196-209.

Matsuzawa T 1997a : The death of an infant chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Pan Africa News 4 : 4-6.

Matsuzawa T 1999 : Communication and tool use in chimpanzees: Cultural and social context. In : Hauser M, Konishi M. (eds), The design of animal communication. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 645-671.

Matsuzawa T 2001 : Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior. Springer, Tokyo.

Matsuzawa T 2006: Sociocognitive Development in Chimpanzees: A Synthesis of Laboratory Work and Fieldwork. In: Matsuzawa T, Tomonaga M, Tanaka MBiedsj, Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 3-33.

Matsuzawa T 2006: Bossou 30 years. Pan Africa News 13(2): 16-19.

Matsuzawa T and Kourouma M 2008. The Green Corridor Project: long-term research and conservation in Bossou, Guinea. In: Science and Conservation in African Forests: The Benefits Of Long-Term Research. New York, Cambridge Univ Press: 201-212.

Matsuzawa T, Biro D, Humle T, Inoue-Nakamura N, Tonooka R, Yamakoshi G 2001 : Emergence of Culture in Wild Chimpanzees : Education by Master-Apprenticeship. In : Matsuzawa T (ed) : Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 557-574.

Matsuzawa T, Sakura O, Kimura T, Hamada Y, Sugiyama Y 1990 : Case report on the death of a wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus). Primates 31: 635-641.

Matsuzawa T, Takemoto H, Hayakawa S, Shimada M 1999 : Diecke forest in Guinea. Pan Africa News 6 : 10-11.

Matsuzawa T, Tomonaga M, Tanaka M 2006: Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees. Springer, Tokyo.

Matsuzawa T, Yamakoshi G 1996 : Comparison of chimpanzee material culture between Bossou and Nimba, West Africa. In : Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker S (eds), Reaching into Thought: The mind of the great apes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 211-232.

Mobius Y, Boesch C, Koops K, Matsuzawa T, Humle T 2008: Cultural differences in army ant predation by West African chimpanzees? A comparative study of microecological variables. Animal Behaviour 76: 37-45.

Nakamura M, Ohashi G 2003 : Eleven-Year Old Chimpanzee Outranks Ex-Alpha Adult Male at Bossou. Pan Africa News 10: 9-11.

Ohashi G 2006.Bossou Chimpanzees Crossed the National Border of Guinea into Liberia. Pan Africa News 13(1):10-12.

Ohashi G 2007: Papaya fruit sharing in wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Pan Africa News 14(1): 14-16.

Ohashi G 2006: Behavioral Repertoire of Tool Use in the Wild Chimpanzees at Bossou. In: Matsuzawa T, Tomonaga M, Tanaka MBiedsj, Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 439-451.

Ohashi G, Hasegawa R, Kourouma M and Matsuzawa T 2008: Arbors and cuttings: new trials for green corridor project at Bossou-Nimba. Pan Africa News 15(2): 20-23.

Sakura O 1991 : On the concept of 'group' in primates, with special reference to fission-fusion of chimpanzees. In : Ehara A, Kimura T, Takenaka O, Iwamoto M (eds) : Primatology Today, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 247-250.

Sakura O 1994 : Factors affecting party size and composition of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea. Int. J. Primatol. 15: 167-183.

Sakura O, Fushimi T, Matsuzawa T, Ohno H, Sugiyama Y 1991 : Social behavior of wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. In: Ehara A, Kimura T, Takenaka O, Iwamoto M (eds) : Primatology Today, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 713-714.

Sakura O, Matsuzawa T 1991 : Flexibility of wild chimpanzee nut-cracking behavior using stone hammers and anvils: An experimental analysis. Ethology 87 : 237-248.

Schöning C, Humle T, Mobius Y, McGrew WC 2008: The nature of culture: Technological variation in chimpanzee predation on army ants revisited. Journal of Human Evolution 55(1): 48-59.

Shimada MK 2000 : A Survey of Nimba Mountain, West Africa from three routes : confirmed new habitat and ant-catching wands use of chimpanzees. Pan Africa News 7-1 : 7-10.

Shimada MK, Hayakawa S, Humle T, Fujita S, Hirata S, Sugiyama Y, Saitou N 2004 : Mitochondrial DNA genealogy of chimpanzees in the Nimba mountains and Bossou, West Africa. American Journal of Primatology 64 : 261-275.

Shimada MK, Hayakawa S, Fujita S, Sugiyama Y, Saitou N 2009: Skewed Matrilineal Genetic Composition in a Small Wild Chimpanzee Community. Folia Primatologica 80(1): 19-32.

Sugiyama Y 1981 : Observation on the population dynamics and behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, 1979-1980. Primates 22: 435-444.

Sugiyama Y 1984 : Population dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, between 1976-1983. Primates 25: 391-400.

Sugiyama Y 1988 : Grooming interactions among adult chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, with special reference to social structure. Int. J. Primatol. 9 : 393-407.

Sugiyama Y 1989a : Population dynamics of chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. In Heltne PG, Marquardt LG (eds) : Understanding Chimpanzees, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 134-145.

Sugiyama Y 1989b : Description of some characteristic behaviors and discussion on their propagation process among chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea. In Sugiyama Y (ed) : Behavioral studies of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. KUPRI, Inuyama, pp. 43-76.

Sugiyama Y 1991 : Habitat isolation and population structure of wild chimpanzees in and around Bossou, West Africa. In Maruyama N, Bobek B, Ono Y, Regelin W, Bartos L, Ratcliffe PR (eds) : Wildlife Conservation: Present Trends and Perspectives for the 21th Century. Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, pp. 32-35.

Sugiyama Y 1994a : Research at Bossou. Pan Africa News 1 : 2-3.

Sugiyama Y 1994b : Tool use by wild chimpanzees. Nature 367 : 327.

Sugiyama Y 1994c : Age-specific birth rate and lifetime reproductive success of chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Am. J. Primatol. 32 : 311-318.

Sugiyama Y 1995a : Tool-use for catching ants by chimpanzees at Bossou and Monts Nimba, West Africa. Primates 36 : 193-205.

Sugiyama Y 1995b : Drinking tools of wild chimpanzees at Bossou. Am. J. Primatol. 37 : 263-269.

Sugiyama Y 1999 : Socioecological factors of male chimpanzee migration at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 40 : 61-68.

Sugiyama Y 2004 : Demographic parameters and life history of chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124: 154-165.

Sugiyama Y, Fushimi T, Sakura O, Matsuzawa T 1993 : Hand preference and tool use in wild chimpanzees. Primates 34 : 151-159.

Sugiyama Y, Kawamoto S, Takenaka O, Kumazaki K, Miwa N 1993 : Paternity discrimination and inter-group relationships of chimpanzees at Bossou. Primates 34 : 545-552.

Sugiyama Y, Koman J 1979a : Social structure and dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 20 : 323-339.

Sugiyama Y, Koman J 1979b : Tool-using and making behavior in wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 20 : 513-524.

Sugiyama Y, Koman J 1987 : A preliminary list of chimpanzees' alimentation at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 28 : 133-147.

Sugiyama Y, Koman J 1992 : The flora of Bossou: It's utilization by list of chimpanzees and humans. African Study Monographs 13 : 127-169.

Sugiyama Y, Koman J, Sow MB 1988 : Ant-catching wands of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Folia Primatol. 51 : 56-60.

Takemoto H 2003 : PHYTOCHEMICAL DETERMINATION FOR LEAF FOOD CHOICE BY CHIMPANZEES IN GUINEA, BOSSOU. Journal of Chemical Ecology 29: 2551-2573.

Takemoto H 2004 : Seasonal change in terrestriality of chimpanzees in relation to microclimate in the tropical forest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124: 81-92.

Takemoto H, Hirata S, Sugiyama Y 2005: The formation of the brush-sticks: modification of chimpanzees or the by-product of folding? Primates 46: 183-189.

Tonooka R 2001: Leaf-folding behavior for drinking water by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea. Animal Cognition 4: 325-334.

Uenishi G, Fujita S, Ohashi G, Kato A, Yamauchi S, Matsuzawa M, Ushida K 2007: Molecular analyses of the intestinal microbiota of chimpanzees in the wild and in captivity. American Journal of Primatology 69(4): 367-376.

Ushida K, Fujita S, Ohashi G 2006: Nutritional significance of the selective ingestion of Albizia zygia gum exudate by wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea. Am. J. Primatol. 68: 143-151.

van Zon JCJ, van Orshoven J 1967 : Enkele resultaten van de Zesde Nederlandse Chimpansee-Expeditie. Vakblad voor Biologen 47 : 161-166.

Yamakoshi G 1998 : Dietary responses to fruit scarcity of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: Possible implications for ecological importance of tool use. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 106 : 283-295.

Yamakoshi G 2004: Food Seasonality and Socioecology in Pan: Are West African Chimpanzees Another Bonobo? African Study Monographs, 25, 45-60.

Yamakoshi, G 2005: What is happening on the border between humans and chimpanzees?: Wildlife conservation in West African rural landscapes. In K. Hiramatsu (ed.): Proceedings of the 7th Kyoto University International Symposium, 2005. Coexistence with Nature in a Glocalizing World: Field Science Perspectives. Kyoto University, Kyoto, pp. 91-97.

Yamakoshi G, Myowa-Yamakoshi M 2004 : New observations of ant-dipping techniques in wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. Primates 45: 25-32.

Yamakoshi G, Sugiyama Y 1995 : Pestle-pounding behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea : A newly observed tool-using behavior. Primates 36 : 489-500.

Yamamoto S, Yamakoshi G, Humle T, Matsuzawa T 2008: Invention and modification of a new tool use behavior: Ant-fishing in trees by a wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea. American Journal of Primatology 70(7): 699-702.

Zamma K, Fujita S 2004 : Genito-genital rubbing among wild chimpanzees. Pan Africa News11: 5-8




2) Scientific papers with second hand analysis about Bossou written in European language.

Barnett AA, Prangley ML 1997 : Mammalogy in the Republic of Guinea: An overview of research from 1946 to 1996, a preliminary check-list ands a summary of research recommendations for the future. Mammal Rev. 27(3) : 115-164.

Derrick R 1994 : Culture in a nutshell: Chimp gives lessons in learning. BBC Wildlife Magagine 12(2) : 10.

Huffman, M.A. et al. 1998 : African great ape self-medication: A new paradigm for treating parasite disease with natural medicines?. In Ebizuka Y (ed) : Towards Natural Medicine Research in the 21st Century, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 113-123.

Matsuzawa T 1997b : Phylogeny of intelligence: A view from cognitive behavior of chimpanzees. IIAS Reports, No. 1997-004, pp.17-26.

Matsuzawa T 1998 : Chimpanzee behavior: A comparative cognitive perspective. In Greenberg G, Haraway M (eds) : Comparative Psychology: A Handbook. Garland Publishing, pp. 360-375.

Matsuzawa T 2001 : Primate Foundations of Human Intelligence : A View of Tool Use in Nonhuman primates and Fossil Hominids. In : Matuzawa T (ed) : Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 3-25.

Matsuzawa T 2005: Book review of The Cultured Chimpanzee: Reflections on cultural primatology. Nature, 434, 21-22

Muroyama Y, Sugiyama Y 1994 : Grooming relationships in two species of chimpanzees. In Wrangham RW, McGrew WC, de Waal FBM, Heltone PG (eds) : Chimpanzee Cultures, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 169-180.

Remy M 1999 La Guinee Aujourd'hui. Les Editions du Jaguar, Paris.

Sakho D 1997 : Elaboration d'un plan d'amenagement pastoral dans la Reserve de Biosphere des Monts Nimba. Online. http://www.unesco.org/mab/capacity/mys/95/sakho/sakho. Accessed 21 July 1999.

Sakura O 1995 : What is this thing called "group of animals"? A proposal of the pluralistic terminology implicated from non-human primate ecology. The Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science 8 : 237-252.

Sugiyama Y 1993 : Local variation of tools and tool use among wild chimpanzee populations. In Berthelet A, Chavaillon J (eds) : The Use of Tools by Human and Non-human Primates, Clarendon Press, Oxford. pp.175-187.

Sugiyama Y 1997 : Social tradition and the use of tool-composites by wild chimpanzees. Evol. Anthropol. 6 : 23-27.

Sugiyama Y 1998 : Local Variation of Tool-using Repertoire in Wild Chimpanzees. In Nishida T (ed) : Comparative Study of the Behavior of the Genus Pan by Compiling Video Ethogram, Nissindo Printer, Kyoto, pp. 82-91.

Sugiyama Y, Soumah AG 1988 : Preliminary survey of the distribution and population of chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. Primates 29 : 569-574.

Vogel G 1999 : Chimps in the wild show stirrings of culture. Science 284 : 2070-2073.

Whiten A, Goodall J, McGrew WC, Nishida T, Reynolds V, Sugiyama Y, Tutin CEG, Wrangham RW, Boesch C 1999 : Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399 : 682-685.

Yamakoshi G 2001 : Ecology of Tool Use in Wild Chimpanzees : Toward Reconstruction of Early Hominid Evolution. In : Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 537-556.

Yamakoshi G 2004 : Evolution of complex feeding techniques in primates: Is this the origin of great-ape intelligence? In (A. E. Russon & D. R. Begun eds.) The Evolution of Thought: Evolutionary Origins of Great Ape Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 140-171.





3) Visual works, TV programs about Bossou in European language

Koltlandt A, van Orshoven J, Pfeijffers R, van Zon JCJ 1981 : Chimpanzees in the wild, Guinea 1966-1967: Sixth Netherlands chimpanzee expedition. (16mm film, sound) University of Amsterdam.

Matsuzawa T 1998 : A hard nut to crack: Tool use of wild chimpanzees at Bossou. ANC/NHK (43min.).

Matsuzawa T 1998 : Une noix difficile a concasser: L'usage d'outils chez chimpanzes sauvages de Bossou. ANC/NHK (43min.)

Matsuzawa T 2001 : WILDLIFE ON ONE. Chimpanzees : Toolmakers of Bossou. BBC, (29min.).

Matsuzawa T 2003 : Jokro: the Death of a Chimpanzee. KUPRI(19min)

Gilles Nivet 2006 : Le Pacte de Bossou. Gaia Video concept (52 min.).

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